Module: transform

skimage.transform.downscale_local_mean(...)

Down-sample N-dimensional image by local averaging.

skimage.transform.estimate_transform(ttype, ...)

Estimate 2D geometric transformation parameters.

skimage.transform.frt2(a)

Compute the 2-dimensional finite radon transform (FRT) for an n x n integer array.

skimage.transform.hough_circle(image, radius)

Perform a circular Hough transform.

skimage.transform.hough_circle_peaks(...[, ...])

Return peaks in a circle Hough transform.

skimage.transform.hough_ellipse(image[, ...])

Perform an elliptical Hough transform.

skimage.transform.hough_line(image[, theta])

Perform a straight line Hough transform.

skimage.transform.hough_line_peaks(hspace, ...)

Return peaks in a straight line Hough transform.

skimage.transform.ifrt2(a)

Compute the 2-dimensional inverse finite radon transform (iFRT) for an (n+1) x n integer array.

skimage.transform.integral_image(image, *[, ...])

Integral image / summed area table.

skimage.transform.integrate(ii, start, end)

Use an integral image to integrate over a given window.

skimage.transform.iradon(radon_image[, ...])

Inverse radon transform.

skimage.transform.iradon_sart(radon_image[, ...])

Inverse radon transform.

skimage.transform.matrix_transform(coords, ...)

Apply 2D matrix transform.

skimage.transform.order_angles_golden_ratio(theta)

Order angles to reduce the amount of correlated information in subsequent projections.

skimage.transform.probabilistic_hough_line(image)

Return lines from a progressive probabilistic line Hough transform.

skimage.transform.pyramid_expand(image[, ...])

Upsample and then smooth image.

skimage.transform.pyramid_gaussian(image[, ...])

Yield images of the Gaussian pyramid formed by the input image.

skimage.transform.pyramid_laplacian(image[, ...])

Yield images of the laplacian pyramid formed by the input image.

skimage.transform.pyramid_reduce(image[, ...])

Smooth and then downsample image.

skimage.transform.radon(image[, theta, ...])

Calculates the radon transform of an image given specified projection angles.

skimage.transform.rescale(image, scale[, ...])

Scale image by a certain factor.

skimage.transform.resize(image, output_shape)

Resize image to match a certain size.

skimage.transform.resize_local_mean(image, ...)

Resize an array with the local mean / bilinear scaling.

skimage.transform.rotate(image, angle[, ...])

Rotate image by a certain angle around its center.

skimage.transform.swirl(image[, center, ...])

Perform a swirl transformation.

skimage.transform.warp(image, inverse_map[, ...])

Warp an image according to a given coordinate transformation.

skimage.transform.warp_coords(coord_map, shape)

Build the source coordinates for the output of a 2-D image warp.

skimage.transform.warp_polar(image[, ...])

Remap image to polar or log-polar coordinates space.

skimage.transform.AffineTransform([matrix, ...])

Affine transformation.

skimage.transform.EssentialMatrixTransform([...])

Essential matrix transformation.

skimage.transform.EuclideanTransform([...])

Euclidean transformation, also known as a rigid transform.

skimage.transform.FundamentalMatrixTransform([...])

Fundamental matrix transformation.

skimage.transform.PiecewiseAffineTransform()

Piecewise affine transformation.

skimage.transform.PolynomialTransform([...])

2D polynomial transformation.

skimage.transform.ProjectiveTransform([...])

Projective transformation.

skimage.transform.SimilarityTransform([...])

Similarity transformation.

downscale_local_mean

skimage.transform.downscale_local_mean(image, factors, cval=0, clip=True)[source]

Down-sample N-dimensional image by local averaging.

The image is padded with cval if it is not perfectly divisible by the integer factors.

In contrast to interpolation in skimage.transform.resize and skimage.transform.rescale this function calculates the local mean of elements in each block of size factors in the input image.

Parameters:
imagendarray

N-dimensional input image.

factorsarray_like

Array containing down-sampling integer factor along each axis.

cvalfloat, optional

Constant padding value if image is not perfectly divisible by the integer factors.

clipbool, optional

Unused, but kept here for API consistency with the other transforms in this module. (The local mean will never fall outside the range of values in the input image, assuming the provided cval also falls within that range.)

Returns:
imagendarray

Down-sampled image with same number of dimensions as input image. For integer inputs, the output dtype will be float64. See numpy.mean() for details.

Examples

>>> a = np.arange(15).reshape(3, 5)
>>> a
array([[ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4],
       [ 5,  6,  7,  8,  9],
       [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]])
>>> downscale_local_mean(a, (2, 3))
array([[3.5, 4. ],
       [5.5, 4.5]])

Examples using skimage.transform.downscale_local_mean

Rescale, resize, and downscale

Rescale, resize, and downscale

Rescale, resize, and downscale

estimate_transform

skimage.transform.estimate_transform(ttype, src, dst, *args, **kwargs)[source]

Estimate 2D geometric transformation parameters.

You can determine the over-, well- and under-determined parameters with the total least-squares method.

Number of source and destination coordinates must match.

Parameters:
ttype{‘euclidean’, similarity’, ‘affine’, ‘piecewise-affine’, ‘projective’, ‘polynomial’}

Type of transform.

kwargsarray_like or int

Function parameters (src, dst, n, angle):

NAME / TTYPE        FUNCTION PARAMETERS
'euclidean'         `src, `dst`
'similarity'        `src, `dst`
'affine'            `src, `dst`
'piecewise-affine'  `src, `dst`
'projective'        `src, `dst`
'polynomial'        `src, `dst`, `order` (polynomial order,
                                          default order is 2)

Also see examples below.

Returns:
tformGeometricTransform

Transform object containing the transformation parameters and providing access to forward and inverse transformation functions.

Examples

>>> import numpy as np
>>> from skimage import transform

>>> # estimate transformation parameters
>>> src = np.array([0, 0, 10, 10]).reshape((2, 2))
>>> dst = np.array([12, 14, 1, -20]).reshape((2, 2))

>>> tform = transform.estimate_transform('similarity', src, dst)

>>> np.allclose(tform.inverse(tform(src)), src)
True

>>> # warp image using the estimated transformation
>>> from skimage import data
>>> image = data.camera()

>>> warp(image, inverse_map=tform.inverse) 

>>> # create transformation with explicit parameters
>>> tform2 = transform.SimilarityTransform(scale=1.1, rotation=1,
...     translation=(10, 20))

>>> # unite transformations, applied in order from left to right
>>> tform3 = tform + tform2
>>> np.allclose(tform3(src), tform2(tform(src)))
True

frt2

skimage.transform.frt2(a)[source]

Compute the 2-dimensional finite radon transform (FRT) for an n x n integer array.

Parameters:
aarray_like

A 2-D square n x n integer array.

Returns:
FRT2-D ndarray

Finite Radon Transform array of (n+1) x n integer coefficients.

See also

ifrt2

The two-dimensional inverse FRT.

Notes

The FRT has a unique inverse if and only if n is prime. [FRT] The idea for this algorithm is due to Vlad Negnevitski.

References

[FRT]

A. Kingston and I. Svalbe, “Projective transforms on periodic discrete image arrays,” in P. Hawkes (Ed), Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, 139 (2006)

Examples

Generate a test image: Use a prime number for the array dimensions

>>> SIZE = 59
>>> img = np.tri(SIZE, dtype=np.int32)

Apply the Finite Radon Transform:

>>> f = frt2(img)

hough_circle

skimage.transform.hough_circle(image, radius, normalize=True, full_output=False)[source]

Perform a circular Hough transform.

Parameters:
image(M, N) ndarray

Input image with nonzero values representing edges.

radiusscalar or sequence of scalars

Radii at which to compute the Hough transform. Floats are converted to integers.

normalizeboolean, optional (default True)

Normalize the accumulator with the number of pixels used to draw the radius.

full_outputboolean, optional (default False)

Extend the output size by twice the largest radius in order to detect centers outside the input picture.

Returns:
H3D ndarray (radius index, (M + 2R, N + 2R) ndarray)

Hough transform accumulator for each radius. R designates the larger radius if full_output is True. Otherwise, R = 0.

Examples

>>> from skimage.transform import hough_circle
>>> from skimage.draw import circle_perimeter
>>> img = np.zeros((100, 100), dtype=bool)
>>> rr, cc = circle_perimeter(25, 35, 23)
>>> img[rr, cc] = 1
>>> try_radii = np.arange(5, 50)
>>> res = hough_circle(img, try_radii)
>>> ridx, r, c = np.unravel_index(np.argmax(res), res.shape)
>>> r, c, try_radii[ridx]
(25, 35, 23)

Examples using skimage.transform.hough_circle

Circular and Elliptical Hough Transforms

Circular and Elliptical Hough Transforms

Circular and Elliptical Hough Transforms

hough_circle_peaks

skimage.transform.hough_circle_peaks(hspaces, radii, min_xdistance=1, min_ydistance=1, threshold=None, num_peaks=inf, total_num_peaks=inf, normalize=False)[source]

Return peaks in a circle Hough transform.

Identifies most prominent circles separated by certain distances in given Hough spaces. Non-maximum suppression with different sizes is applied separately in the first and second dimension of the Hough space to identify peaks. For circles with different radius but close in distance, only the one with highest peak is kept.

Parameters:
hspaces(N, M) array

Hough spaces returned by the hough_circle function.

radii(M,) array

Radii corresponding to Hough spaces.

min_xdistanceint, optional

Minimum distance separating centers in the x dimension.

min_ydistanceint, optional

Minimum distance separating centers in the y dimension.

thresholdfloat, optional

Minimum intensity of peaks in each Hough space. Default is 0.5 * max(hspace).

num_peaksint, optional

Maximum number of peaks in each Hough space. When the number of peaks exceeds num_peaks, only num_peaks coordinates based on peak intensity are considered for the corresponding radius.

total_num_peaksint, optional

Maximum number of peaks. When the number of peaks exceeds num_peaks, return num_peaks coordinates based on peak intensity.

normalizebool, optional

If True, normalize the accumulator by the radius to sort the prominent peaks.

Returns:
accum, cx, cy, radtuple of array

Peak values in Hough space, x and y center coordinates and radii.

Notes

Circles with bigger radius have higher peaks in Hough space. If larger circles are preferred over smaller ones, normalize should be False. Otherwise, circles will be returned in the order of decreasing voting number.

Examples

>>> from skimage import transform, draw
>>> img = np.zeros((120, 100), dtype=int)
>>> radius, x_0, y_0 = (20, 99, 50)
>>> y, x = draw.circle_perimeter(y_0, x_0, radius)
>>> img[x, y] = 1
>>> hspaces = transform.hough_circle(img, radius)
>>> accum, cx, cy, rad = hough_circle_peaks(hspaces, [radius,])

Examples using skimage.transform.hough_circle_peaks

Circular and Elliptical Hough Transforms

Circular and Elliptical Hough Transforms

Circular and Elliptical Hough Transforms

hough_ellipse

skimage.transform.hough_ellipse(image, threshold=4, accuracy=1, min_size=4, max_size=None)[source]

Perform an elliptical Hough transform.

Parameters:
image(M, N) ndarray

Input image with nonzero values representing edges.

thresholdint, optional

Accumulator threshold value.

accuracydouble, optional

Bin size on the minor axis used in the accumulator.

min_sizeint, optional

Minimal major axis length.

max_sizeint, optional

Maximal minor axis length. If None, the value is set to the half of the smaller image dimension.

Returns:
resultndarray with fields [(accumulator, yc, xc, a, b, orientation)].

Where (yc, xc) is the center, (a, b) the major and minor axes, respectively. The orientation value follows skimage.draw.ellipse_perimeter convention.

Notes

The accuracy must be chosen to produce a peak in the accumulator distribution. In other words, a flat accumulator distribution with low values may be caused by a too low bin size.

References

[1]

Xie, Yonghong, and Qiang Ji. “A new efficient ellipse detection method.” Pattern Recognition, 2002. Proceedings. 16th International Conference on. Vol. 2. IEEE, 2002

Examples

>>> from skimage.transform import hough_ellipse
>>> from skimage.draw import ellipse_perimeter
>>> img = np.zeros((25, 25), dtype=np.uint8)
>>> rr, cc = ellipse_perimeter(10, 10, 6, 8)
>>> img[cc, rr] = 1
>>> result = hough_ellipse(img, threshold=8)
>>> result.tolist()
[(10, 10.0, 10.0, 8.0, 6.0, 0.0)]

Examples using skimage.transform.hough_ellipse

Circular and Elliptical Hough Transforms

Circular and Elliptical Hough Transforms

Circular and Elliptical Hough Transforms

hough_line

skimage.transform.hough_line(image, theta=None)[source]

Perform a straight line Hough transform.

Parameters:
image(M, N) ndarray

Input image with nonzero values representing edges.

theta1D ndarray of double, optional

Angles at which to compute the transform, in radians. Defaults to a vector of 180 angles evenly spaced in the range [-pi/2, pi/2).

Returns:
hspace2-D ndarray of uint64

Hough transform accumulator.

anglesndarray

Angles at which the transform is computed, in radians.

distancesndarray

Distance values.

Notes

The origin is the top left corner of the original image. X and Y axis are horizontal and vertical edges respectively. The distance is the minimal algebraic distance from the origin to the detected line. The angle accuracy can be improved by decreasing the step size in the theta array.

Examples

Generate a test image:

>>> img = np.zeros((100, 150), dtype=bool)
>>> img[30, :] = 1
>>> img[:, 65] = 1
>>> img[35:45, 35:50] = 1
>>> for i in range(90):
...     img[i, i] = 1
>>> rng = np.random.default_rng()
>>> img += rng.random(img.shape) > 0.95

Apply the Hough transform:

>>> out, angles, d = hough_line(img)

Examples using skimage.transform.hough_line

Straight line Hough transform

Straight line Hough transform

Straight line Hough transform

hough_line_peaks

skimage.transform.hough_line_peaks(hspace, angles, dists, min_distance=9, min_angle=10, threshold=None, num_peaks=inf)[source]

Return peaks in a straight line Hough transform.

Identifies most prominent lines separated by a certain angle and distance in a Hough transform. Non-maximum suppression with different sizes is applied separately in the first (distances) and second (angles) dimension of the Hough space to identify peaks.

Parameters:
hspace(N, M) array

Hough space returned by the hough_line function.

angles(M,) array

Angles returned by the hough_line function. Assumed to be continuous. (angles[-1] - angles[0] == PI).

dists(N, ) array

Distances returned by the hough_line function.

min_distanceint, optional

Minimum distance separating lines (maximum filter size for first dimension of hough space).

min_angleint, optional

Minimum angle separating lines (maximum filter size for second dimension of hough space).

thresholdfloat, optional

Minimum intensity of peaks. Default is 0.5 * max(hspace).

num_peaksint, optional

Maximum number of peaks. When the number of peaks exceeds num_peaks, return num_peaks coordinates based on peak intensity.

Returns:
accum, angles, diststuple of array

Peak values in Hough space, angles and distances.

Examples

>>> from skimage.transform import hough_line, hough_line_peaks
>>> from skimage.draw import line
>>> img = np.zeros((15, 15), dtype=bool)
>>> rr, cc = line(0, 0, 14, 14)
>>> img[rr, cc] = 1
>>> rr, cc = line(0, 14, 14, 0)
>>> img[cc, rr] = 1
>>> hspace, angles, dists = hough_line(img)
>>> hspace, angles, dists = hough_line_peaks(hspace, angles, dists)
>>> len(angles)
2

Examples using skimage.transform.hough_line_peaks

Straight line Hough transform

Straight line Hough transform

Straight line Hough transform

ifrt2

skimage.transform.ifrt2(a)[source]

Compute the 2-dimensional inverse finite radon transform (iFRT) for an (n+1) x n integer array.

Parameters:
aarray_like

A 2-D (n+1) row x n column integer array.

Returns:
iFRT2-D n x n ndarray

Inverse Finite Radon Transform array of n x n integer coefficients.

See also

frt2

The two-dimensional FRT

Notes

The FRT has a unique inverse if and only if n is prime. See [1] for an overview. The idea for this algorithm is due to Vlad Negnevitski.

References

[1]

A. Kingston and I. Svalbe, “Projective transforms on periodic discrete image arrays,” in P. Hawkes (Ed), Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, 139 (2006)

Examples

>>> SIZE = 59
>>> img = np.tri(SIZE, dtype=np.int32)

Apply the Finite Radon Transform:

>>> f = frt2(img)

Apply the Inverse Finite Radon Transform to recover the input

>>> fi = ifrt2(f)

Check that it’s identical to the original

>>> assert len(np.nonzero(img-fi)[0]) == 0

integral_image

skimage.transform.integral_image(image, *, dtype=None)[source]

Integral image / summed area table.

The integral image contains the sum of all elements above and to the left of it, i.e.:

\[S[m, n] = \sum_{i \leq m} \sum_{j \leq n} X[i, j]\]
Parameters:
imagendarray

Input image.

Returns:
Sndarray

Integral image/summed area table of same shape as input image.

Notes

For better accuracy and to avoid potential overflow, the data type of the output may differ from the input’s when the default dtype of None is used. For inputs with integer dtype, the behavior matches that for numpy.cumsum(). Floating point inputs will be promoted to at least double precision. The user can set dtype to override this behavior.

References

[1]

F.C. Crow, “Summed-area tables for texture mapping,” ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, vol. 18, 1984, pp. 207-212.

Examples using skimage.transform.integral_image

Multi-Block Local Binary Pattern for texture classification

Multi-Block Local Binary Pattern for texture classification

Multi-Block Local Binary Pattern for texture classification
Face classification using Haar-like feature descriptor

Face classification using Haar-like feature descriptor

Face classification using Haar-like feature descriptor

integrate

skimage.transform.integrate(ii, start, end)[source]

Use an integral image to integrate over a given window.

Parameters:
iindarray

Integral image.

startList of tuples, each tuple of length equal to dimension of ii

Coordinates of top left corner of window(s). Each tuple in the list contains the starting row, col, … index i.e [(row_win1, col_win1, …), (row_win2, col_win2,…), …].

endList of tuples, each tuple of length equal to dimension of ii

Coordinates of bottom right corner of window(s). Each tuple in the list containing the end row, col, … index i.e [(row_win1, col_win1, …), (row_win2, col_win2, …), …].

Returns:
Sscalar or ndarray

Integral (sum) over the given window(s).

Examples

>>> arr = np.ones((5, 6), dtype=float)
>>> ii = integral_image(arr)
>>> integrate(ii, (1, 0), (1, 2))  # sum from (1, 0) to (1, 2)
array([3.])
>>> integrate(ii, [(3, 3)], [(4, 5)])  # sum from (3, 3) to (4, 5)
array([6.])
>>> # sum from (1, 0) to (1, 2) and from (3, 3) to (4, 5)
>>> integrate(ii, [(1, 0), (3, 3)], [(1, 2), (4, 5)])
array([3., 6.])

iradon

skimage.transform.iradon(radon_image, theta=None, output_size=None, filter_name='ramp', interpolation='linear', circle=True, preserve_range=True)[source]

Inverse radon transform.

Reconstruct an image from the radon transform, using the filtered back projection algorithm.

Parameters:
radon_imagearray

Image containing radon transform (sinogram). Each column of the image corresponds to a projection along a different angle. The tomography rotation axis should lie at the pixel index radon_image.shape[0] // 2 along the 0th dimension of radon_image.

thetaarray_like, optional

Reconstruction angles (in degrees). Default: m angles evenly spaced between 0 and 180 (if the shape of radon_image is (N, M)).

output_sizeint, optional

Number of rows and columns in the reconstruction.

filter_namestr, optional

Filter used in frequency domain filtering. Ramp filter used by default. Filters available: ramp, shepp-logan, cosine, hamming, hann. Assign None to use no filter.

interpolationstr, optional

Interpolation method used in reconstruction. Methods available: ‘linear’, ‘nearest’, and ‘cubic’ (‘cubic’ is slow).

circleboolean, optional

Assume the reconstructed image is zero outside the inscribed circle. Also changes the default output_size to match the behaviour of radon called with circle=True.

preserve_rangebool, optional

Whether to keep the original range of values. Otherwise, the input image is converted according to the conventions of img_as_float. Also see https://scikit-image.org/docs/dev/user_guide/data_types.html

Returns:
reconstructedndarray

Reconstructed image. The rotation axis will be located in the pixel with indices (reconstructed.shape[0] // 2, reconstructed.shape[1] // 2).

Changed in version 0.19: In iradon, filter argument is deprecated in favor of filter_name.

Notes

It applies the Fourier slice theorem to reconstruct an image by multiplying the frequency domain of the filter with the FFT of the projection data. This algorithm is called filtered back projection.

References

[1]

AC Kak, M Slaney, “Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging”, IEEE Press 1988.

[2]

B.R. Ramesh, N. Srinivasa, K. Rajgopal, “An Algorithm for Computing the Discrete Radon Transform With Some Applications”, Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE Region 10 International Conference, TENCON ‘89, 1989

Examples using skimage.transform.iradon

Radon transform

Radon transform

Radon transform

iradon_sart

skimage.transform.iradon_sart(radon_image, theta=None, image=None, projection_shifts=None, clip=None, relaxation=0.15, dtype=None)[source]

Inverse radon transform.

Reconstruct an image from the radon transform, using a single iteration of the Simultaneous Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (SART) algorithm.

Parameters:
radon_image2D array

Image containing radon transform (sinogram). Each column of the image corresponds to a projection along a different angle. The tomography rotation axis should lie at the pixel index radon_image.shape[0] // 2 along the 0th dimension of radon_image.

theta1D array, optional

Reconstruction angles (in degrees). Default: m angles evenly spaced between 0 and 180 (if the shape of radon_image is (N, M)).

image2D array, optional

Image containing an initial reconstruction estimate. Shape of this array should be (radon_image.shape[0], radon_image.shape[0]). The default is an array of zeros.

projection_shifts1D array, optional

Shift the projections contained in radon_image (the sinogram) by this many pixels before reconstructing the image. The i’th value defines the shift of the i’th column of radon_image.

cliplength-2 sequence of floats, optional

Force all values in the reconstructed tomogram to lie in the range [clip[0], clip[1]]

relaxationfloat, optional

Relaxation parameter for the update step. A higher value can improve the convergence rate, but one runs the risk of instabilities. Values close to or higher than 1 are not recommended.

dtypedtype, optional

Output data type, must be floating point. By default, if input data type is not float, input is cast to double, otherwise dtype is set to input data type.

Returns:
reconstructedndarray

Reconstructed image. The rotation axis will be located in the pixel with indices (reconstructed.shape[0] // 2, reconstructed.shape[1] // 2).

Notes

Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques are based on formulating the tomography reconstruction problem as a set of linear equations. Along each ray, the projected value is the sum of all the values of the cross section along the ray. A typical feature of SART (and a few other variants of algebraic techniques) is that it samples the cross section at equidistant points along the ray, using linear interpolation between the pixel values of the cross section. The resulting set of linear equations are then solved using a slightly modified Kaczmarz method.

When using SART, a single iteration is usually sufficient to obtain a good reconstruction. Further iterations will tend to enhance high-frequency information, but will also often increase the noise.

References

[1]

AC Kak, M Slaney, “Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging”, IEEE Press 1988.

[2]

AH Andersen, AC Kak, “Simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART): a superior implementation of the ART algorithm”, Ultrasonic Imaging 6 pp 81–94 (1984)

[3]

S Kaczmarz, “Angenäherte auflösung von systemen linearer gleichungen”, Bulletin International de l’Academie Polonaise des Sciences et des Lettres 35 pp 355–357 (1937)

[4]

Kohler, T. “A projection access scheme for iterative reconstruction based on the golden section.” Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, 2004 IEEE. Vol. 6. IEEE, 2004.

[5]

Kaczmarz’ method, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaczmarz_method

Examples using skimage.transform.iradon_sart

Radon transform

Radon transform

Radon transform

matrix_transform

skimage.transform.matrix_transform(coords, matrix)[source]

Apply 2D matrix transform.

Parameters:
coords(N, 2) array_like

x, y coordinates to transform

matrix(3, 3) array_like

Homogeneous transformation matrix.

Returns:
coords(N, 2) array

Transformed coordinates.

order_angles_golden_ratio

skimage.transform.order_angles_golden_ratio(theta)[source]

Order angles to reduce the amount of correlated information in subsequent projections.

Parameters:
theta1D array of floats

Projection angles in degrees. Duplicate angles are not allowed.

Returns:
indices_generatorgenerator yielding unsigned integers

The returned generator yields indices into theta such that theta[indices] gives the approximate golden ratio ordering of the projections. In total, len(theta) indices are yielded. All non-negative integers < len(theta) are yielded exactly once.

Notes

The method used here is that of the golden ratio introduced by T. Kohler.

References

[1]

Kohler, T. “A projection access scheme for iterative reconstruction based on the golden section.” Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, 2004 IEEE. Vol. 6. IEEE, 2004.

[2]

Winkelmann, Stefanie, et al. “An optimal radial profile order based on the Golden Ratio for time-resolved MRI.” Medical Imaging, IEEE Transactions on 26.1 (2007): 68-76.

probabilistic_hough_line

skimage.transform.probabilistic_hough_line(image, threshold=10, line_length=50, line_gap=10, theta=None, seed=None)[source]

Return lines from a progressive probabilistic line Hough transform.

Parameters:
image(M, N) ndarray

Input image with nonzero values representing edges.

thresholdint, optional

Threshold

line_lengthint, optional

Minimum accepted length of detected lines. Increase the parameter to extract longer lines.

line_gapint, optional

Maximum gap between pixels to still form a line. Increase the parameter to merge broken lines more aggressively.

theta1D ndarray, dtype=double, optional

Angles at which to compute the transform, in radians. Defaults to a vector of 180 angles evenly spaced in the range [-pi/2, pi/2).

seedint, optional

Seed to initialize the random number generator.

Returns:
lineslist

List of lines identified, lines in format ((x0, y0), (x1, y1)), indicating line start and end.

References

[1]

C. Galamhos, J. Matas and J. Kittler, “Progressive probabilistic Hough transform for line detection”, in IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 1999.

Examples using skimage.transform.probabilistic_hough_line

Straight line Hough transform

Straight line Hough transform

Straight line Hough transform

pyramid_expand

skimage.transform.pyramid_expand(image, upscale=2, sigma=None, order=1, mode='reflect', cval=0, preserve_range=False, *, channel_axis=None)[source]

Upsample and then smooth image.

Parameters:
imagendarray

Input image.

upscalefloat, optional

Upscale factor.

sigmafloat, optional

Sigma for Gaussian filter. Default is 2 * upscale / 6.0 which corresponds to a filter mask twice the size of the scale factor that covers more than 99% of the Gaussian distribution.

orderint, optional

Order of splines used in interpolation of upsampling. See skimage.transform.warp for detail.

mode{‘reflect’, ‘constant’, ‘edge’, ‘symmetric’, ‘wrap’}, optional

The mode parameter determines how the array borders are handled, where cval is the value when mode is equal to ‘constant’.

cvalfloat, optional

Value to fill past edges of input if mode is ‘constant’.

preserve_rangebool, optional

Whether to keep the original range of values. Otherwise, the input image is converted according to the conventions of img_as_float. Also see https://scikit-image.org/docs/dev/user_guide/data_types.html

channel_axisint or None, optional

If None, the image is assumed to be a grayscale (single channel) image. Otherwise, this parameter indicates which axis of the array corresponds to channels.

New in version 0.19: channel_axis was added in 0.19.

Returns:
outarray

Upsampled and smoothed float image.

References

pyramid_gaussian

skimage.transform.pyramid_gaussian(image, max_layer=-1, downscale=2, sigma=None, order=1, mode='reflect', cval=0, preserve_range=False, *, channel_axis=None)[source]

Yield images of the Gaussian pyramid formed by the input image.

Recursively applies the pyramid_reduce function to the image, and yields the downscaled images.

Note that the first image of the pyramid will be the original, unscaled image. The total number of images is max_layer + 1. In case all layers are computed, the last image is either a one-pixel image or the image where the reduction does not change its shape.

Parameters:
imagendarray

Input image.

max_layerint, optional

Number of layers for the pyramid. 0th layer is the original image. Default is -1 which builds all possible layers.

downscalefloat, optional

Downscale factor.

sigmafloat, optional

Sigma for Gaussian filter. Default is 2 * downscale / 6.0 which corresponds to a filter mask twice the size of the scale factor that covers more than 99% of the Gaussian distribution.

orderint, optional

Order of splines used in interpolation of downsampling. See skimage.transform.warp for detail.

mode{‘reflect’, ‘constant’, ‘edge’, ‘symmetric’, ‘wrap’}, optional

The mode parameter determines how the array borders are handled, where cval is the value when mode is equal to ‘constant’.

cvalfloat, optional

Value to fill past edges of input if mode is ‘constant’.

preserve_rangebool, optional

Whether to keep the original range of values. Otherwise, the input image is converted according to the conventions of img_as_float. Also see https://scikit-image.org/docs/dev/user_guide/data_types.html

channel_axisint or None, optional

If None, the image is assumed to be a grayscale (single channel) image. Otherwise, this parameter indicates which axis of the array corresponds to channels.

New in version 0.19: channel_axis was added in 0.19.

Returns:
pyramidgenerator

Generator yielding pyramid layers as float images.

References

Examples using skimage.transform.pyramid_gaussian

Build image pyramids

Build image pyramids

Build image pyramids

pyramid_laplacian

skimage.transform.pyramid_laplacian(image, max_layer=-1, downscale=2, sigma=None, order=1, mode='reflect', cval=0, preserve_range=False, *, channel_axis=None)[source]

Yield images of the laplacian pyramid formed by the input image.

Each layer contains the difference between the downsampled and the downsampled, smoothed image:

layer = resize(prev_layer) - smooth(resize(prev_layer))

Note that the first image of the pyramid will be the difference between the original, unscaled image and its smoothed version. The total number of images is max_layer + 1. In case all layers are computed, the last image is either a one-pixel image or the image where the reduction does not change its shape.

Parameters:
imagendarray

Input image.

max_layerint, optional

Number of layers for the pyramid. 0th layer is the original image. Default is -1 which builds all possible layers.

downscalefloat, optional

Downscale factor.

sigmafloat, optional

Sigma for Gaussian filter. Default is 2 * downscale / 6.0 which corresponds to a filter mask twice the size of the scale factor that covers more than 99% of the Gaussian distribution.

orderint, optional

Order of splines used in interpolation of downsampling. See skimage.transform.warp for detail.

mode{‘reflect’, ‘constant’, ‘edge’, ‘symmetric’, ‘wrap’}, optional

The mode parameter determines how the array borders are handled, where cval is the value when mode is equal to ‘constant’.

cvalfloat, optional

Value to fill past edges of input if mode is ‘constant’.

preserve_rangebool, optional

Whether to keep the original range of values. Otherwise, the input image is converted according to the conventions of img_as_float. Also see https://scikit-image.org/docs/dev/user_guide/data_types.html

channel_axisint or None, optional

If None, the image is assumed to be a grayscale (single channel) image. Otherwise, this parameter indicates which axis of the array corresponds to channels.

New in version 0.19: channel_axis was added in 0.19.

Returns:
pyramidgenerator

Generator yielding pyramid layers as float images.

References

pyramid_reduce

skimage.transform.pyramid_reduce(image, downscale=2, sigma=None, order=1, mode='reflect', cval=0, preserve_range=False, *, channel_axis=None)[source]

Smooth and then downsample image.

Parameters:
imagendarray

Input image.

downscalefloat, optional

Downscale factor.

sigmafloat, optional

Sigma for Gaussian filter. Default is 2 * downscale / 6.0 which corresponds to a filter mask twice the size of the scale factor that covers more than 99% of the Gaussian distribution.

orderint, optional

Order of splines used in interpolation of downsampling. See skimage.transform.warp for detail.

mode{‘reflect’, ‘constant’, ‘edge’, ‘symmetric’, ‘wrap’}, optional

The mode parameter determines how the array borders are handled, where cval is the value when mode is equal to ‘constant’.

cvalfloat, optional

Value to fill past edges of input if mode is ‘constant’.

preserve_rangebool, optional

Whether to keep the original range of values. Otherwise, the input image is converted according to the conventions of img_as_float. Also see https://scikit-image.org/docs/dev/user_guide/data_types.html

channel_axisint or None, optional

If None, the image is assumed to be a grayscale (single channel) image. Otherwise, this parameter indicates which axis of the array corresponds to channels.

New in version 0.19: channel_axis was added in 0.19.

Returns:
outarray

Smoothed and downsampled float image.

References

radon

skimage.transform.radon(image, theta=None, circle=True, *, preserve_range=False)[source]

Calculates the radon transform of an image given specified projection angles.

Parameters:
imagearray_like

Input image. The rotation axis will be located in the pixel with indices (image.shape[0] // 2, image.shape[1] // 2).

thetaarray_like, optional

Projection angles (in degrees). If None, the value is set to np.arange(180).

circleboolean, optional

Assume image is zero outside the inscribed circle, making the width of each projection (the first dimension of the sinogram) equal to min(image.shape).

preserve_rangebool, optional

Whether to keep the original range of values. Otherwise, the input image is converted according to the conventions of img_as_float. Also see https://scikit-image.org/docs/dev/user_guide/data_types.html

Returns:
radon_imagendarray

Radon transform (sinogram). The tomography rotation axis will lie at the pixel index radon_image.shape[0] // 2 along the 0th dimension of radon_image.

Notes

Based on code of Justin K. Romberg (https://www.clear.rice.edu/elec431/projects96/DSP/bpanalysis.html)

References

[1]

AC Kak, M Slaney, “Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging”, IEEE Press 1988.

[2]

B.R. Ramesh, N. Srinivasa, K. Rajgopal, “An Algorithm for Computing the Discrete Radon Transform With Some Applications”, Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE Region 10 International Conference, TENCON ‘89, 1989

Examples using skimage.transform.radon

Radon transform

Radon transform

Radon transform

rescale

skimage.transform.rescale(image, scale, order=None, mode='reflect', cval=0, clip=True, preserve_range=False, anti_aliasing=None, anti_aliasing_sigma=None, *, channel_axis=None)[source]

Scale image by a certain factor.

Performs interpolation to up-scale or down-scale N-dimensional images. Note that anti-aliasing should be enabled when down-sizing images to avoid aliasing artifacts. For down-sampling with an integer factor also see skimage.transform.downscale_local_mean.

Parameters:
imagendarray

Input image.

scale{float, tuple of floats}

Scale factors. Separate scale factors can be defined as (rows, cols[, …][, dim]).

Returns:
scaledndarray

Scaled version of the input.

Other Parameters:
orderint, optional

The order of the spline interpolation, default is 0 if image.dtype is bool and 1 otherwise. The order has to be in the range 0-5. See skimage.transform.warp for detail.

mode{‘constant’, ‘edge’, ‘symmetric’, ‘reflect’, ‘wrap’}, optional

Points outside the boundaries of the input are filled according to the given mode. Modes match the behaviour of numpy.pad.

cvalfloat, optional

Used in conjunction with mode ‘constant’, the value outside the image boundaries.

clipbool, optional

Whether to clip the output to the range of values of the input image. This is enabled by default, since higher order interpolation may produce values outside the given input range.

preserve_rangebool, optional

Whether to keep the original range of values. Otherwise, the input image is converted according to the conventions of img_as_float. Also see https://scikit-image.org/docs/dev/user_guide/data_types.html

anti_aliasingbool, optional

Whether to apply a Gaussian filter to smooth the image prior to down-scaling. It is crucial to filter when down-sampling the image to avoid aliasing artifacts. If input image data type is bool, no anti-aliasing is applied.

anti_aliasing_sigma{float, tuple of floats}, optional

Standard deviation for Gaussian filtering to avoid aliasing artifacts. By default, this value is chosen as (s - 1) / 2 where s is the down-scaling factor.

channel_axisint or None, optional

If None, the image is assumed to be a grayscale (single channel) image. Otherwise, this parameter indicates which axis of the array corresponds to channels.

New in version 0.19: channel_axis was added in 0.19.

Notes

Modes ‘reflect’ and ‘symmetric’ are similar, but differ in whether the edge pixels are duplicated during the reflection. As an example, if an array has values [0, 1, 2] and was padded to the right by four values using symmetric, the result would be [0, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0, 0], while for reflect it would be [0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2].

Examples

>>> from skimage import data
>>> from skimage.transform import rescale
>>> image = data.camera()
>>> rescale(image, 0.1).shape
(51, 51)
>>> rescale(image, 0.5).shape
(256, 256)

Examples using skimage.transform.rescale

Interpolation: Edge Modes

Interpolation: Edge Modes

Interpolation: Edge Modes
Rescale, resize, and downscale

Rescale, resize, and downscale

Rescale, resize, and downscale
Radon transform

Radon transform

Radon transform
Using Polar and Log-Polar Transformations for Registration

Using Polar and Log-Polar Transformations for Registration

Using Polar and Log-Polar Transformations for Registration

resize

skimage.transform.resize(image, output_shape, order=None, mode='reflect', cval=0, clip=True, preserve_range=False, anti_aliasing=None, anti_aliasing_sigma=None)[source]

Resize image to match a certain size.

Performs interpolation to up-size or down-size N-dimensional images. Note that anti-aliasing should be enabled when down-sizing images to avoid aliasing artifacts. For downsampling with an integer factor also see skimage.transform.downscale_local_mean.

Parameters:
imagendarray

Input image.

output_shapeiterable

Size of the generated output image (rows, cols[, …][, dim]). If dim is not provided, the number of channels is preserved. In case the number of input channels does not equal the number of output channels a n-dimensional interpolation is applied.

Returns:
resizedndarray

Resized version of the input.

Other Parameters:
orderint, optional

The order of the spline interpolation, default is 0 if image.dtype is bool and 1 otherwise. The order has to be in the range 0-5. See skimage.transform.warp for detail.

mode{‘constant’, ‘edge’, ‘symmetric’, ‘reflect’, ‘wrap’}, optional

Points outside the boundaries of the input are filled according to the given mode. Modes match the behaviour of numpy.pad.

cvalfloat, optional

Used in conjunction with mode ‘constant’, the value outside the image boundaries.

clipbool, optional

Whether to clip the output to the range of values of the input image. This is enabled by default, since higher order interpolation may produce values outside the given input range.

preserve_rangebool, optional

Whether to keep the original range of values. Otherwise, the input image is converted according to the conventions of img_as_float. Also see https://scikit-image.org/docs/dev/user_guide/data_types.html

anti_aliasingbool, optional

Whether to apply a Gaussian filter to smooth the image prior to downsampling. It is crucial to filter when downsampling the image to avoid aliasing artifacts. If not specified, it is set to True when downsampling an image whose data type is not bool. It is also set to False when using nearest neighbor interpolation (order == 0) with integer input data type.

anti_aliasing_sigma{float, tuple of floats}, optional

Standard deviation for Gaussian filtering used when anti-aliasing. By default, this value is chosen as (s - 1) / 2 where s is the downsampling factor, where s > 1. For the up-size case, s < 1, no anti-aliasing is performed prior to rescaling.

Notes

Modes ‘reflect’ and ‘symmetric’ are similar, but differ in whether the edge pixels are duplicated during the reflection. As an example, if an array has values [0, 1, 2] and was padded to the right by four values using symmetric, the result would be [0, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0, 0], while for reflect it would be [0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2].

Examples

>>> from skimage import data
>>> from skimage.transform import resize
>>> image = data.camera()
>>> resize(image, (100, 100)).shape
(100, 100)

Examples using skimage.transform.resize

Interpolation: Edge Modes

Interpolation: Edge Modes

Interpolation: Edge Modes
Rescale, resize, and downscale

Rescale, resize, and downscale

Rescale, resize, and downscale

resize_local_mean

skimage.transform.resize_local_mean(image, output_shape, grid_mode=True, preserve_range=False, *, channel_axis=None)[source]

Resize an array with the local mean / bilinear scaling.

Parameters:
imagendarray

Input image. If this is a multichannel image, the axis corresponding to channels should be specified using channel_axis

output_shapeiterable

Size of the generated output image. When channel_axis is not None, the channel_axis should either be omitted from output_shape or the output_shape[channel_axis] must match image.shape[channel_axis]. If the length of output_shape exceeds image.ndim, additional singleton dimensions will be appended to the input image as needed.

grid_modebool, optional

Defines image pixels position: if True, pixels are assumed to be at grid intersections, otherwise at cell centers. As a consequence, for example, a 1d signal of length 5 is considered to have length 4 when grid_mode is False, but length 5 when grid_mode is True. See the following visual illustration:

| pixel 1 | pixel 2 | pixel 3 | pixel 4 | pixel 5 |
     |<-------------------------------------->|
                        vs.
|<----------------------------------------------->|

The starting point of the arrow in the diagram above corresponds to coordinate location 0 in each mode.

preserve_rangebool, optional

Whether to keep the original range of values. Otherwise, the input image is converted according to the conventions of img_as_float. Also see https://scikit-image.org/docs/dev/user_guide/data_types.html

Returns:
resizedndarray

Resized version of the input.

See also

resize, downscale_local_mean

Notes

This method is sometimes referred to as “area-based” interpolation or “pixel mixing” interpolation [1]. When grid_mode is True, it is equivalent to using OpenCV’s resize with INTER_AREA interpolation mode. It is commonly used for image downsizing. If the downsizing factors are integers, then downscale_local_mean should be preferred instead.

References

Examples

>>> from skimage import data
>>> from skimage.transform import resize_local_mean
>>> image = data.camera()
>>> resize_local_mean(image, (100, 100)).shape
(100, 100)

rotate

skimage.transform.rotate(image, angle, resize=False, center=None, order=None, mode='constant', cval=0, clip=True, preserve_range=False)[source]

Rotate image by a certain angle around its center.

Parameters:
imagendarray

Input image.

anglefloat

Rotation angle in degrees in counter-clockwise direction.

resizebool, optional

Determine whether the shape of the output image will be automatically calculated, so the complete rotated image exactly fits. Default is False.

centeriterable of length 2

The rotation center. If center=None, the image is rotated around its center, i.e. center=(cols / 2 - 0.5, rows / 2 - 0.5). Please note that this parameter is (cols, rows), contrary to normal skimage ordering.

Returns:
rotatedndarray

Rotated version of the input.

Other Parameters:
orderint, optional

The order of the spline interpolation, default is 0 if image.dtype is bool and 1 otherwise. The order has to be in the range 0-5. See skimage.transform.warp for detail.

mode{‘constant’, ‘edge’, ‘symmetric’, ‘reflect’, ‘wrap’}, optional

Points outside the boundaries of the input are filled according to the given mode. Modes match the behaviour of numpy.pad.

cvalfloat, optional

Used in conjunction with mode ‘constant’, the value outside the image boundaries.

clipbool, optional

Whether to clip the output to the range of values of the input image. This is enabled by default, since higher order interpolation may produce values outside the given input range.

preserve_rangebool, optional

Whether to keep the original range of values. Otherwise, the input image is converted according to the conventions of img_as_float. Also see https://scikit-image.org/docs/dev/user_guide/data_types.html

Notes

Modes ‘reflect’ and ‘symmetric’ are similar, but differ in whether the edge pixels are duplicated during the reflection. As an example, if an array has values [0, 1, 2] and was padded to the right by four values using symmetric, the result would be [0, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0, 0], while for reflect it would be [0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2].

Examples

>>> from skimage import data
>>> from skimage.transform import rotate
>>> image = data.camera()
>>> rotate(image, 2).shape
(512, 512)
>>> rotate(image, 2, resize=True).shape
(530, 530)
>>> rotate(image, 90, resize=True).shape
(512, 512)

Examples using skimage.transform.rotate

Types of homographies

Types of homographies

Types of homographies
Assemble images with simple image stitching

Assemble images with simple image stitching

Assemble images with simple image stitching
Using Polar and Log-Polar Transformations for Registration

Using Polar and Log-Polar Transformations for Registration

Using Polar and Log-Polar Transformations for Registration
ORB feature detector and binary descriptor

ORB feature detector and binary descriptor

ORB feature detector and binary descriptor
BRIEF binary descriptor

BRIEF binary descriptor

BRIEF binary descriptor
SIFT feature detector and descriptor extractor

SIFT feature detector and descriptor extractor

SIFT feature detector and descriptor extractor
Sliding window histogram

Sliding window histogram

Sliding window histogram
Local Binary Pattern for texture classification

Local Binary Pattern for texture classification

Local Binary Pattern for texture classification
Measure perimeters with different estimators

Measure perimeters with different estimators

Measure perimeters with different estimators
Measure region properties

Measure region properties

Measure region properties
Visual image comparison

Visual image comparison

Visual image comparison

swirl

skimage.transform.swirl(image, center=None, strength=1, radius=100, rotation=0, output_shape=None, order=None, mode='reflect', cval=0, clip=True, preserve_range=False)[source]

Perform a swirl transformation.

Parameters:
imagendarray

Input image.

center(column, row) tuple or (2,) ndarray, optional

Center coordinate of transformation.

strengthfloat, optional

The amount of swirling applied.

radiusfloat, optional

The extent of the swirl in pixels. The effect dies out rapidly beyond radius.

rotationfloat, optional

Additional rotation applied to the image.

Returns:
swirledndarray

Swirled version of the input.

Other Parameters:
output_shapetuple (rows, cols), optional

Shape of the output image generated. By default the shape of the input image is preserved.

orderint, optional

The order of the spline interpolation, default is 0 if image.dtype is bool and 1 otherwise. The order has to be in the range 0-5. See skimage.transform.warp for detail.

mode{‘constant’, ‘edge’, ‘symmetric’, ‘reflect’, ‘wrap’}, optional

Points outside the boundaries of the input are filled according to the given mode, with ‘constant’ used as the default. Modes match the behaviour of numpy.pad.

cvalfloat, optional

Used in conjunction with mode ‘constant’, the value outside the image boundaries.

clipbool, optional

Whether to clip the output to the range of values of the input image. This is enabled by default, since higher order interpolation may produce values outside the given input range.

preserve_rangebool, optional

Whether to keep the original range of values. Otherwise, the input image is converted according to the conventions of img_as_float. Also see https://scikit-image.org/docs/dev/user_guide/data_types.html

Examples using skimage.transform.swirl

Swirl

Swirl

Swirl

warp

skimage.transform.warp(image, inverse_map, map_args={}, output_shape=None, order=None, mode='constant', cval=0.0, clip=True, preserve_range=False)[source]

Warp an image according to a given coordinate transformation.

Parameters:
imagendarray

Input image.

inverse_maptransformation object, callable cr = f(cr, **kwargs), or ndarray

Inverse coordinate map, which transforms coordinates in the output images into their corresponding coordinates in the input image.

There are a number of different options to define this map, depending on the dimensionality of the input image. A 2-D image can have 2 dimensions for gray-scale images, or 3 dimensions with color information.

  • For 2-D images, you can directly pass a transformation object, e.g. skimage.transform.SimilarityTransform, or its inverse.

  • For 2-D images, you can pass a (3, 3) homogeneous transformation matrix, e.g. skimage.transform.SimilarityTransform.params.

  • For 2-D images, a function that transforms a (M, 2) array of (col, row) coordinates in the output image to their corresponding coordinates in the input image. Extra parameters to the function can be specified through map_args.

  • For N-D images, you can directly pass an array of coordinates. The first dimension specifies the coordinates in the input image, while the subsequent dimensions determine the position in the output image. E.g. in case of 2-D images, you need to pass an array of shape (2, rows, cols), where rows and cols determine the shape of the output image, and the first dimension contains the (row, col) coordinate in the input image. See scipy.ndimage.map_coordinates for further documentation.

Note, that a (3, 3) matrix is interpreted as a homogeneous transformation matrix, so you cannot interpolate values from a 3-D input, if the output is of shape (3,).

See example section for usage.

map_argsdict, optional

Keyword arguments passed to inverse_map.

output_shapetuple (rows, cols), optional

Shape of the output image generated. By default the shape of the input image is preserved. Note that, even for multi-band images, only rows and columns need to be specified.

orderint, optional
The order of interpolation. The order has to be in the range 0-5:

  • 0: Nearest-neighbor

  • 1: Bi-linear (default)

  • 2: Bi-quadratic

  • 3: Bi-cubic

  • 4: Bi-quartic

  • 5: Bi-quintic

Default is 0 if image.dtype is bool and 1 otherwise.

mode{‘constant’, ‘edge’, ‘symmetric’, ‘reflect’, ‘wrap’}, optional

Points outside the boundaries of the input are filled according to the given mode. Modes match the behaviour of numpy.pad.

cvalfloat, optional

Used in conjunction with mode ‘constant’, the value outside the image boundaries.

clipbool, optional

Whether to clip the output to the range of values of the input image. This is enabled by default, since higher order interpolation may produce values outside the given input range.

preserve_rangebool, optional

Whether to keep the original range of values. Otherwise, the input image is converted according to the conventions of img_as_float. Also see https://scikit-image.org/docs/dev/user_guide/data_types.html

Returns:
warpeddouble ndarray

The warped input image.

Notes

Examples

>>> from skimage.transform import warp
>>> from skimage import data
>>> image = data.camera()

The following image warps are all equal but differ substantially in execution time. The image is shifted to the bottom.

Use a geometric transform to warp an image (fast):

>>> from skimage.transform import SimilarityTransform
>>> tform = SimilarityTransform(translation=(0, -10))
>>> warped = warp(image, tform)

Use a callable (slow):

>>> def shift_down(xy):
...     xy[:, 1] -= 10
...     return xy
>>> warped = warp(image, shift_down)

Use a transformation matrix to warp an image (fast):

>>> matrix = np.array([[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, -10], [0, 0, 1]])
>>> warped = warp(image, matrix)
>>> from skimage.transform import ProjectiveTransform
>>> warped = warp(image, ProjectiveTransform(matrix=matrix))

You can also use the inverse of a geometric transformation (fast):

>>> warped = warp(image, tform.inverse)

For N-D images you can pass a coordinate array, that specifies the coordinates in the input image for every element in the output image. E.g. if you want to rescale a 3-D cube, you can do:

>>> cube_shape = np.array([30, 30, 30])
>>> rng = np.random.default_rng()
>>> cube = rng.random(cube_shape)

Setup the coordinate array, that defines the scaling:

>>> scale = 0.1
>>> output_shape = (scale * cube_shape).astype(int)
>>> coords0, coords1, coords2 = np.mgrid[:output_shape[0],
...                    :output_shape[1], :output_shape[2]]
>>> coords = np.array([coords0, coords1, coords2])

Assume that the cube contains spatial data, where the first array element center is at coordinate (0.5, 0.5, 0.5) in real space, i.e. we have to account for this extra offset when scaling the image:

>>> coords = (coords + 0.5) / scale - 0.5
>>> warped = warp(cube, coords)

Examples using skimage.transform.warp

Swirl

Swirl

Swirl
Piecewise Affine Transformation

Piecewise Affine Transformation

Piecewise Affine Transformation
Using geometric transformations

Using geometric transformations

Using geometric transformations
Types of homographies

Types of homographies

Types of homographies
Robust matching using RANSAC

Robust matching using RANSAC

Robust matching using RANSAC
Registration using optical flow

Registration using optical flow

Registration using optical flow
Assemble images with simple image stitching

Assemble images with simple image stitching

Assemble images with simple image stitching
CENSURE feature detector

CENSURE feature detector

CENSURE feature detector
Corner detection

Corner detection

Corner detection
ORB feature detector and binary descriptor

ORB feature detector and binary descriptor

ORB feature detector and binary descriptor
BRIEF binary descriptor

BRIEF binary descriptor

BRIEF binary descriptor
SIFT feature detector and descriptor extractor

SIFT feature detector and descriptor extractor

SIFT feature detector and descriptor extractor

warp_coords

skimage.transform.warp_coords(coord_map, shape, dtype=<class 'numpy.float64'>)[source]

Build the source coordinates for the output of a 2-D image warp.

Parameters:
coord_mapcallable like GeometricTransform.inverse

Return input coordinates for given output coordinates. Coordinates are in the shape (P, 2), where P is the number of coordinates and each element is a (row, col) pair.

shapetuple

Shape of output image (rows, cols[, bands]).

dtypenp.dtype or string

dtype for return value (sane choices: float32 or float64).

Returns:
coords(ndim, rows, cols[, bands]) array of dtype dtype

Coordinates for scipy.ndimage.map_coordinates, that will yield an image of shape (orows, ocols, bands) by drawing from source points according to the coord_transform_fn.

Notes

This is a lower-level routine that produces the source coordinates for 2-D images used by warp().

It is provided separately from warp to give additional flexibility to users who would like, for example, to re-use a particular coordinate mapping, to use specific dtypes at various points along the the image-warping process, or to implement different post-processing logic than warp performs after the call to ndi.map_coordinates.

Examples

Produce a coordinate map that shifts an image up and to the right:

>>> from skimage import data
>>> from scipy.ndimage import map_coordinates
>>>
>>> def shift_up10_left20(xy):
...     return xy - np.array([-20, 10])[None, :]
>>>
>>> image = data.astronaut().astype(np.float32)
>>> coords = warp_coords(shift_up10_left20, image.shape)
>>> warped_image = map_coordinates(image, coords)

warp_polar

skimage.transform.warp_polar(image, center=None, *, radius=None, output_shape=None, scaling='linear', channel_axis=None, **kwargs)[source]

Remap image to polar or log-polar coordinates space.

Parameters:
imagendarray

Input image. Only 2-D arrays are accepted by default. 3-D arrays are accepted if a channel_axis is specified.

centertuple (row, col), optional

Point in image that represents the center of the transformation (i.e., the origin in cartesian space). Values can be of type float. If no value is given, the center is assumed to be the center point of the image.

radiusfloat, optional

Radius of the circle that bounds the area to be transformed.

output_shapetuple (row, col), optional
scaling{‘linear’, ‘log’}, optional

Specify whether the image warp is polar or log-polar. Defaults to ‘linear’.

channel_axisint or None, optional

If None, the image is assumed to be a grayscale (single channel) image. Otherwise, this parameter indicates which axis of the array corresponds to channels.

New in version 0.19: channel_axis was added in 0.19.

**kwargskeyword arguments

Passed to transform.warp.

Returns:
warpedndarray

The polar or log-polar warped image.

Examples

Perform a basic polar warp on a grayscale image:

>>> from skimage import data
>>> from skimage.transform import warp_polar
>>> image = data.checkerboard()
>>> warped = warp_polar(image)

Perform a log-polar warp on a grayscale image:

>>> warped = warp_polar(image, scaling='log')

Perform a log-polar warp on a grayscale image while specifying center, radius, and output shape:

>>> warped = warp_polar(image, (100,100), radius=100,
...                     output_shape=image.shape, scaling='log')

Perform a log-polar warp on a color image:

>>> image = data.astronaut()
>>> warped = warp_polar(image, scaling='log', channel_axis=-1)

Examples using skimage.transform.warp_polar

Using Polar and Log-Polar Transformations for Registration

Using Polar and Log-Polar Transformations for Registration

Using Polar and Log-Polar Transformations for Registration

AffineTransform

class skimage.transform.AffineTransform(matrix=None, scale=None, rotation=None, shear=None, translation=None, *, dimensionality=2)[source]

Bases: ProjectiveTransform

Affine transformation.

Has the following form:

X = a0*x + a1*y + a2 =
  = sx*x*cos(rotation) - sy*y*sin(rotation + shear) + a2

Y = b0*x + b1*y + b2 =
  = sx*x*sin(rotation) + sy*y*cos(rotation + shear) + b2

where sx and sy are scale factors in the x and y directions, and the homogeneous transformation matrix is:

[[a0  a1  a2]
 [b0  b1  b2]
 [0   0    1]]

In 2D, the transformation parameters can be given as the homogeneous transformation matrix, above, or as the implicit parameters, scale, rotation, shear, and translation in x (a2) and y (b2). For 3D and higher, only the matrix form is allowed.

In narrower transforms, such as the Euclidean (only rotation and translation) or Similarity (rotation, translation, and a global scale factor) transforms, it is possible to specify 3D transforms using implicit parameters also.

Parameters:
matrix(D+1, D+1) array_like, optional

Homogeneous transformation matrix. If this matrix is provided, it is an error to provide any of scale, rotation, shear, or translation.

scale{s as float or (sx, sy) as array, list or tuple}, optional

Scale factor(s). If a single value, it will be assigned to both sx and sy. Only available for 2D.

New in version 0.17: Added support for supplying a single scalar value.

rotationfloat, optional

Rotation angle in counter-clockwise direction as radians. Only available for 2D.

shearfloat, optional

Shear angle in counter-clockwise direction as radians. Only available for 2D.

translation(tx, ty) as array, list or tuple, optional

Translation parameters. Only available for 2D.

dimensionalityint, optional

The dimensionality of the transform. This is not used if any other parameters are provided.

Raises:
ValueError

If both matrix and any of the other parameters are provided.

Attributes:
params(D+1, D+1) array

Homogeneous transformation matrix.

__init__(matrix=None, scale=None, rotation=None, shear=None, translation=None, *, dimensionality=2)[source]
property rotation
property scale
property shear
property translation

Examples using skimage.transform.AffineTransform

Types of homographies

Types of homographies

Types of homographies
Robust matching using RANSAC

Robust matching using RANSAC

Robust matching using RANSAC
CENSURE feature detector

CENSURE feature detector

CENSURE feature detector
Corner detection

Corner detection

Corner detection
ORB feature detector and binary descriptor

ORB feature detector and binary descriptor

ORB feature detector and binary descriptor
BRIEF binary descriptor

BRIEF binary descriptor

BRIEF binary descriptor
SIFT feature detector and descriptor extractor

SIFT feature detector and descriptor extractor

SIFT feature detector and descriptor extractor

EssentialMatrixTransform

class skimage.transform.EssentialMatrixTransform(rotation=None, translation=None, matrix=None, *, dimensionality=2)[source]

Bases: FundamentalMatrixTransform

Essential matrix transformation.

The essential matrix relates corresponding points between a pair of calibrated images. The matrix transforms normalized, homogeneous image points in one image to epipolar lines in the other image.

The essential matrix is only defined for a pair of moving images capturing a non-planar scene. In the case of pure rotation or planar scenes, the homography describes the geometric relation between two images (ProjectiveTransform). If the intrinsic calibration of the images is unknown, the fundamental matrix describes the projective relation between the two images (FundamentalMatrixTransform).

Parameters:
rotation(3, 3) array_like, optional

Rotation matrix of the relative camera motion.

translation(3, 1) array_like, optional

Translation vector of the relative camera motion. The vector must have unit length.

matrix(3, 3) array_like, optional

Essential matrix.

References

[1]

Hartley, Richard, and Andrew Zisserman. Multiple view geometry in computer vision. Cambridge university press, 2003.

Attributes:
params(3, 3) array

Essential matrix.

__init__(rotation=None, translation=None, matrix=None, *, dimensionality=2)[source]
estimate(src, dst)[source]

Estimate essential matrix using 8-point algorithm.

The 8-point algorithm requires at least 8 corresponding point pairs for a well-conditioned solution, otherwise the over-determined solution is estimated.

Parameters:
src(N, 2) array_like

Source coordinates.

dst(N, 2) array_like

Destination coordinates.

Returns:
successbool

True, if model estimation succeeds.

EuclideanTransform

class skimage.transform.EuclideanTransform(matrix=None, rotation=None, translation=None, *, dimensionality=2)[source]

Bases: ProjectiveTransform

Euclidean transformation, also known as a rigid transform.

Has the following form:

X = a0 * x - b0 * y + a1 =
  = x * cos(rotation) - y * sin(rotation) + a1

Y = b0 * x + a0 * y + b1 =
  = x * sin(rotation) + y * cos(rotation) + b1

where the homogeneous transformation matrix is:

[[a0  b0  a1]
 [b0  a0  b1]
 [0   0    1]]

The Euclidean transformation is a rigid transformation with rotation and translation parameters. The similarity transformation extends the Euclidean transformation with a single scaling factor.

Parameters:
matrix(D+1, D+1) array_like, optional

Homogeneous transformation matrix.

rotationfloat or sequence of float, optional

Rotation angle in counter-clockwise direction as radians. If given as a vector, it is interpreted as Euler rotation angles [1]. Only 2D (single rotation) and 3D (Euler rotations) values are supported. For higher dimensions, you must provide or estimate the transformation matrix.

translationsequence of float, length D, optional

Translation parameters for each axis.

dimensionalityint, optional

The dimensionality of the transform.

References

Attributes:
params(D+1, D+1) array

Homogeneous transformation matrix.

__init__(matrix=None, rotation=None, translation=None, *, dimensionality=2)[source]
estimate(src, dst)[source]

Estimate the transformation from a set of corresponding points.

You can determine the over-, well- and under-determined parameters with the total least-squares method.

Number of source and destination coordinates must match.

Parameters:
src(N, 2) array_like

Source coordinates.

dst(N, 2) array_like

Destination coordinates.

Returns:
successbool

True, if model estimation succeeds.

property rotation
property translation

Examples using skimage.transform.EuclideanTransform

Using geometric transformations

Using geometric transformations

Using geometric transformations
Types of homographies

Types of homographies

Types of homographies
Assemble images with simple image stitching

Assemble images with simple image stitching

Assemble images with simple image stitching

FundamentalMatrixTransform

class skimage.transform.FundamentalMatrixTransform(matrix=None, *, dimensionality=2)[source]

Bases: GeometricTransform

Fundamental matrix transformation.

The fundamental matrix relates corresponding points between a pair of uncalibrated images. The matrix transforms homogeneous image points in one image to epipolar lines in the other image.

The fundamental matrix is only defined for a pair of moving images. In the case of pure rotation or planar scenes, the homography describes the geometric relation between two images (ProjectiveTransform). If the intrinsic calibration of the images is known, the essential matrix describes the metric relation between the two images (EssentialMatrixTransform).

Parameters:
matrix(3, 3) array_like, optional

Fundamental matrix.

References

[1]

Hartley, Richard, and Andrew Zisserman. Multiple view geometry in computer vision. Cambridge university press, 2003.

Attributes:
params(3, 3) array

Fundamental matrix.

__init__(matrix=None, *, dimensionality=2)[source]
estimate(src, dst)[source]

Estimate fundamental matrix using 8-point algorithm.

The 8-point algorithm requires at least 8 corresponding point pairs for a well-conditioned solution, otherwise the over-determined solution is estimated.

Parameters:
src(N, 2) array_like

Source coordinates.

dst(N, 2) array_like

Destination coordinates.

Returns:
successbool

True, if model estimation succeeds.

inverse(coords)[source]

Apply inverse transformation.

Parameters:
coords(N, 2) array_like

Destination coordinates.

Returns:
coords(N, 3) array

Epipolar lines in the source image.

residuals(src, dst)[source]

Compute the Sampson distance.

The Sampson distance is the first approximation to the geometric error.

Parameters:
src(N, 2) array

Source coordinates.

dst(N, 2) array

Destination coordinates.

Returns:
residuals(N, ) array

Sampson distance.

Examples using skimage.transform.FundamentalMatrixTransform

Fundamental matrix estimation

Fundamental matrix estimation

Fundamental matrix estimation

PiecewiseAffineTransform

class skimage.transform.PiecewiseAffineTransform[source]

Bases: GeometricTransform

Piecewise affine transformation.

Control points are used to define the mapping. The transform is based on a Delaunay triangulation of the points to form a mesh. Each triangle is used to find a local affine transform.

Attributes:
affineslist of AffineTransform objects

Affine transformations for each triangle in the mesh.

inverse_affineslist of AffineTransform objects

Inverse affine transformations for each triangle in the mesh.

__init__()[source]
estimate(src, dst)[source]

Estimate the transformation from a set of corresponding points.

Number of source and destination coordinates must match.

Parameters:
src(N, D) array_like

Source coordinates.

dst(N, D) array_like

Destination coordinates.

Returns:
successbool

True, if all pieces of the model are successfully estimated.

inverse(coords)[source]

Apply inverse transformation.

Coordinates outside of the mesh will be set to - 1.

Parameters:
coords(N, D) array_like

Source coordinates.

Returns:
coords(N, D) array

Transformed coordinates.

Examples using skimage.transform.PiecewiseAffineTransform

Piecewise Affine Transformation

Piecewise Affine Transformation

Piecewise Affine Transformation

PolynomialTransform

class skimage.transform.PolynomialTransform(params=None, *, dimensionality=2)[source]

Bases: GeometricTransform

2D polynomial transformation.

Has the following form:

X = sum[j=0:order]( sum[i=0:j]( a_ji * x**(j - i) * y**i ))
Y = sum[j=0:order]( sum[i=0:j]( b_ji * x**(j - i) * y**i ))
Parameters:
params(2, N) array_like, optional

Polynomial coefficients where N * 2 = (order + 1) * (order + 2). So, a_ji is defined in params[0, :] and b_ji in params[1, :].

Attributes:
params(2, N) array

Polynomial coefficients where N * 2 = (order + 1) * (order + 2). So, a_ji is defined in params[0, :] and b_ji in params[1, :].

__init__(params=None, *, dimensionality=2)[source]
estimate(src, dst, order=2, weights=None)[source]

Estimate the transformation from a set of corresponding points.

You can determine the over-, well- and under-determined parameters with the total least-squares method.

Number of source and destination coordinates must match.

The transformation is defined as:

X = sum[j=0:order]( sum[i=0:j]( a_ji * x**(j - i) * y**i ))
Y = sum[j=0:order]( sum[i=0:j]( b_ji * x**(j - i) * y**i ))

These equations can be transformed to the following form:

0 = sum[j=0:order]( sum[i=0:j]( a_ji * x**(j - i) * y**i )) - X
0 = sum[j=0:order]( sum[i=0:j]( b_ji * x**(j - i) * y**i )) - Y

which exist for each set of corresponding points, so we have a set of N * 2 equations. The coefficients appear linearly so we can write A x = 0, where:

A   = [[1 x y x**2 x*y y**2 ... 0 ...             0 -X]
       [0 ...                 0 1 x y x**2 x*y y**2 -Y]
        ...
        ...
      ]
x.T = [a00 a10 a11 a20 a21 a22 ... ann
       b00 b10 b11 b20 b21 b22 ... bnn c3]

In case of total least-squares the solution of this homogeneous system of equations is the right singular vector of A which corresponds to the smallest singular value normed by the coefficient c3.

Weights can be applied to each pair of corresponding points to indicate, particularly in an overdetermined system, if point pairs have higher or lower confidence or uncertainties associated with them. From the matrix treatment of least squares problems, these weight values are normalised, square-rooted, then built into a diagonal matrix, by which A is multiplied.

Parameters:
src(N, 2) array_like

Source coordinates.

dst(N, 2) array_like

Destination coordinates.

orderint, optional

Polynomial order (number of coefficients is order + 1).

weights(N,) array_like, optional

Relative weight values for each pair of points.

Returns:
successbool

True, if model estimation succeeds.

inverse(coords)[source]

Apply inverse transformation.

Parameters:
coords(N, 2) array_like

Destination coordinates.

Returns:
coords(N, 2) array

Source coordinates.

ProjectiveTransform

class skimage.transform.ProjectiveTransform(matrix=None, *, dimensionality=2)[source]

Bases: GeometricTransform

Projective transformation.

Apply a projective transformation (homography) on coordinates.

For each homogeneous coordinate \(\mathbf{x} = [x, y, 1]^T\), its target position is calculated by multiplying with the given matrix, \(H\), to give \(H \mathbf{x}\):

[[a0 a1 a2]
 [b0 b1 b2]
 [c0 c1 1 ]].

E.g., to rotate by theta degrees clockwise, the matrix should be:

[[cos(theta) -sin(theta) 0]
 [sin(theta)  cos(theta) 0]
 [0            0         1]]

or, to translate x by 10 and y by 20:

[[1 0 10]
 [0 1 20]
 [0 0 1 ]].
Parameters:
matrix(D+1, D+1) array_like, optional

Homogeneous transformation matrix.

dimensionalityint, optional

The number of dimensions of the transform. This is ignored if matrix is not None.

Attributes:
params(D+1, D+1) array

Homogeneous transformation matrix.

__init__(matrix=None, *, dimensionality=2)[source]
property dimensionality

The dimensionality of the transformation.

estimate(src, dst, weights=None)[source]

Estimate the transformation from a set of corresponding points.

You can determine the over-, well- and under-determined parameters with the total least-squares method.

Number of source and destination coordinates must match.

The transformation is defined as:

X = (a0*x + a1*y + a2) / (c0*x + c1*y + 1)
Y = (b0*x + b1*y + b2) / (c0*x + c1*y + 1)

These equations can be transformed to the following form:

0 = a0*x + a1*y + a2 - c0*x*X - c1*y*X - X
0 = b0*x + b1*y + b2 - c0*x*Y - c1*y*Y - Y

which exist for each set of corresponding points, so we have a set of N * 2 equations. The coefficients appear linearly so we can write A x = 0, where:

A   = [[x y 1 0 0 0 -x*X -y*X -X]
       [0 0 0 x y 1 -x*Y -y*Y -Y]
        ...
        ...
      ]
x.T = [a0 a1 a2 b0 b1 b2 c0 c1 c3]

In case of total least-squares the solution of this homogeneous system of equations is the right singular vector of A which corresponds to the smallest singular value normed by the coefficient c3.

Weights can be applied to each pair of corresponding points to indicate, particularly in an overdetermined system, if point pairs have higher or lower confidence or uncertainties associated with them. From the matrix treatment of least squares problems, these weight values are normalised, square-rooted, then built into a diagonal matrix, by which A is multiplied.

In case of the affine transformation the coefficients c0 and c1 are 0. Thus the system of equations is:

A   = [[x y 1 0 0 0 -X]
       [0 0 0 x y 1 -Y]
        ...
        ...
      ]
x.T = [a0 a1 a2 b0 b1 b2 c3]
Parameters:
src(N, 2) array_like

Source coordinates.

dst(N, 2) array_like

Destination coordinates.

weights(N,) array_like, optional

Relative weight values for each pair of points.

Returns:
successbool

True, if model estimation succeeds.

inverse(coords)[source]

Apply inverse transformation.

Parameters:
coords(N, D) array_like

Destination coordinates.

Returns:
coords_out(N, D) array

Source coordinates.

Examples using skimage.transform.ProjectiveTransform

Using geometric transformations

Using geometric transformations

Using geometric transformations
Types of homographies

Types of homographies

Types of homographies
Robust matching using RANSAC

Robust matching using RANSAC

Robust matching using RANSAC
Assemble images with simple image stitching

Assemble images with simple image stitching

Assemble images with simple image stitching
CENSURE feature detector

CENSURE feature detector

CENSURE feature detector
Corner detection

Corner detection

Corner detection
ORB feature detector and binary descriptor

ORB feature detector and binary descriptor

ORB feature detector and binary descriptor
BRIEF binary descriptor

BRIEF binary descriptor

BRIEF binary descriptor
SIFT feature detector and descriptor extractor

SIFT feature detector and descriptor extractor

SIFT feature detector and descriptor extractor

SimilarityTransform

class skimage.transform.SimilarityTransform(matrix=None, scale=None, rotation=None, translation=None, *, dimensionality=2)[source]

Bases: EuclideanTransform

Similarity transformation.

Has the following form in 2D:

X = a0 * x - b0 * y + a1 =
  = s * x * cos(rotation) - s * y * sin(rotation) + a1

Y = b0 * x + a0 * y + b1 =
  = s * x * sin(rotation) + s * y * cos(rotation) + b1

where s is a scale factor and the homogeneous transformation matrix is:

[[a0  b0  a1]
 [b0  a0  b1]
 [0   0    1]]

The similarity transformation extends the Euclidean transformation with a single scaling factor in addition to the rotation and translation parameters.

Parameters:
matrix(dim+1, dim+1) array_like, optional

Homogeneous transformation matrix.

scalefloat, optional

Scale factor. Implemented only for 2D and 3D.

rotationfloat, optional

Rotation angle in counter-clockwise direction as radians. Implemented only for 2D and 3D. For 3D, this is given in ZYX Euler angles.

translation(dim,) array_like, optional

x, y[, z] translation parameters. Implemented only for 2D and 3D.

Attributes:
params(dim+1, dim+1) array

Homogeneous transformation matrix.

__init__(matrix=None, scale=None, rotation=None, translation=None, *, dimensionality=2)[source]
estimate(src, dst)[source]

Estimate the transformation from a set of corresponding points.

You can determine the over-, well- and under-determined parameters with the total least-squares method.

Number of source and destination coordinates must match.

Parameters:
src(N, 2) array_like

Source coordinates.

dst(N, 2) array_like

Destination coordinates.

Returns:
successbool

True, if model estimation succeeds.

property scale

Examples using skimage.transform.SimilarityTransform

Using geometric transformations

Using geometric transformations

Using geometric transformations
Types of homographies

Types of homographies

Types of homographies