.. DO NOT EDIT. .. THIS FILE WAS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED BY SPHINX-GALLERY. .. TO MAKE CHANGES, EDIT THE SOURCE PYTHON FILE: .. "auto_examples/transform/plot_geometric.py" .. LINE NUMBERS ARE GIVEN BELOW. .. only:: html .. note:: :class: sphx-glr-download-link-note :ref:`Go to the end ` to download the full example code or to run this example in your browser via Binder .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-example-title .. _sphx_glr_auto_examples_transform_plot_geometric.py: =============================== Using geometric transformations =============================== In this example, we will see how to use geometric transformations in the context of image processing. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 9-17 .. code-block:: Python import math import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from skimage import data from skimage import transform .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 18-30 Basics ====== Several different geometric transformation types are supported: similarity, affine, projective and polynomial. For a tutorial on the available types of transformations, see :ref:`sphx_glr_auto_examples_transform_plot_transform_types.py`. Geometric transformations can either be created using the explicit parameters (e.g. scale, shear, rotation and translation) or the transformation matrix. First we create a transformation using explicit parameters: .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 30-34 .. code-block:: Python tform = transform.SimilarityTransform(scale=1, rotation=math.pi / 2, translation=(0, 1)) print(tform.params) .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-script-out .. code-block:: none [[ 6.123234e-17 -1.000000e+00 0.000000e+00] [ 1.000000e+00 6.123234e-17 1.000000e+00] [ 0.000000e+00 0.000000e+00 1.000000e+00]] .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 35-37 Alternatively you can define a transformation by the transformation matrix itself: .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 37-42 .. code-block:: Python matrix = tform.params.copy() matrix[1, 2] = 2 tform2 = transform.SimilarityTransform(matrix) .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 43-46 These transformation objects can then be used to apply forward and inverse coordinate transformations between the source and destination coordinate systems: .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 46-51 .. code-block:: Python coord = [1, 0] print(tform2(coord)) print(tform2.inverse(tform(coord))) .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-script-out .. code-block:: none [[6.123234e-17 3.000000e+00]] [[ 0.000000e+00 -6.123234e-17]] .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 52-56 Image warping ============= Geometric transformations can also be used to warp images: .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 56-77 .. code-block:: Python text = data.text() tform = transform.SimilarityTransform( scale=1, rotation=math.pi / 4, translation=(text.shape[0] / 2, -100) ) rotated = transform.warp(text, tform) back_rotated = transform.warp(rotated, tform.inverse) fig, ax = plt.subplots(nrows=3) ax[0].imshow(text, cmap=plt.cm.gray) ax[1].imshow(rotated, cmap=plt.cm.gray) ax[2].imshow(back_rotated, cmap=plt.cm.gray) for a in ax: a.axis('off') plt.tight_layout() .. image-sg:: /auto_examples/transform/images/sphx_glr_plot_geometric_001.png :alt: plot geometric :srcset: /auto_examples/transform/images/sphx_glr_plot_geometric_001.png :class: sphx-glr-single-img .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 78-95 Parameter estimation ==================== In addition to the basic functionality mentioned above you can also estimate the parameters of a geometric transformation using the least- squares method. This can amongst other things be used for image registration or rectification, where you have a set of control points or homologous/corresponding points in two images. Let's assume we want to recognize letters on a photograph which was not taken from the front but at a certain angle. In the simplest case of a plane paper surface the letters are projectively distorted. Simple matching algorithms would not be able to match such symbols. One solution to this problem would be to warp the image so that the distortion is removed and then apply a matching algorithm: .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 95-117 .. code-block:: Python text = data.text() src = np.array([[0, 0], [0, 50], [300, 50], [300, 0]]) dst = np.array([[155, 15], [65, 40], [260, 130], [360, 95]]) tform3 = transform.ProjectiveTransform() tform3.estimate(src, dst) warped = transform.warp(text, tform3, output_shape=(50, 300)) fig, ax = plt.subplots(nrows=2, figsize=(8, 3)) ax[0].imshow(text, cmap=plt.cm.gray) ax[0].plot(dst[:, 0], dst[:, 1], '.r') ax[1].imshow(warped, cmap=plt.cm.gray) for a in ax: a.axis('off') plt.tight_layout() plt.show() .. image-sg:: /auto_examples/transform/images/sphx_glr_plot_geometric_002.png :alt: plot geometric :srcset: /auto_examples/transform/images/sphx_glr_plot_geometric_002.png :class: sphx-glr-single-img .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 118-128 The above estimation relies on accurate knowledge of the location of points and an accurate selection of their correspondence. If point locations have an uncertainty associated with them, then weighting can be provided so that the resulting transform prioritises an accurate fit to those points with the highest weighting. An alternative approach called the `RANSAC algorithm `_ is useful when the correspondence points are not perfectly accurate. See the :ref:`sphx_glr_auto_examples_transform_plot_matching.py` tutorial for an in-depth description of how to use this approach in scikit-image. .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-timing **Total running time of the script:** (0 minutes 0.681 seconds) .. _sphx_glr_download_auto_examples_transform_plot_geometric.py: .. only:: html .. container:: sphx-glr-footer sphx-glr-footer-example .. container:: binder-badge .. image:: images/binder_badge_logo.svg :target: https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/scikit-image/scikit-image/v0.23.2?filepath=notebooks/auto_examples/transform/plot_geometric.ipynb :alt: Launch binder :width: 150 px .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-jupyter :download:`Download Jupyter notebook: plot_geometric.ipynb ` .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-python :download:`Download Python source code: plot_geometric.py ` .. only:: html .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-signature `Gallery generated by Sphinx-Gallery `_