.. DO NOT EDIT. .. THIS FILE WAS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED BY SPHINX-GALLERY. .. TO MAKE CHANGES, EDIT THE SOURCE PYTHON FILE: .. "auto_examples/developers/plot_threshold_li.py" .. LINE NUMBERS ARE GIVEN BELOW. .. only:: html .. note:: :class: sphx-glr-download-link-note :ref:`Go to the end ` to download the full example code or to run this example in your browser via Binder .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-example-title .. _sphx_glr_auto_examples_developers_plot_threshold_li.py: =============== Li thresholding =============== In 1993, Li and Lee proposed a new criterion for finding the "optimal" threshold to distinguish between the background and foreground of an image [1]_. They proposed that minimizing the *cross-entropy* between the foreground and the foreground mean, and the background and the background mean, would give the best threshold in most situations. Until 1998, though, the way to find this threshold was by trying all possible thresholds and then choosing the one with the smallest cross-entropy. At that point, Li and Tam implemented a new, iterative method to more quickly find the optimum point by using the slope of the cross-entropy [2]_. This is the method implemented in scikit-image's :func:`skimage.filters.threshold_li`. Here, we demonstrate the cross-entropy and its optimization by Li's iterative method. Note that we are using the private function `_cross_entropy`, which should not be used in production code, as it could change. .. [1] Li C.H. and Lee C.K. (1993) "Minimum Cross Entropy Thresholding" Pattern Recognition, 26(4): 617-625 :DOI:`10.1016/0031-3203(93)90115-D` .. [2] Li C.H. and Tam P.K.S. (1998) "An Iterative Algorithm for Minimum Cross Entropy Thresholding" Pattern Recognition Letters, 18(8): 771-776 :DOI:`10.1016/S0167-8655(98)00057-9` .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 29-39 .. code-block:: default import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from skimage import data from skimage import filters from skimage.filters.thresholding import _cross_entropy cell = data.cell() camera = data.camera() .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 40-42 First, we let's plot the cross entropy for the :func:`skimage.data.camera` image at all possible thresholds. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 42-73 .. code-block:: default thresholds = np.arange(np.min(camera) + 1.5, np.max(camera) - 1.5) entropies = [_cross_entropy(camera, t) for t in thresholds] optimal_camera_threshold = thresholds[np.argmin(entropies)] fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 3, figsize=(8, 3)) ax[0].imshow(camera, cmap='gray') ax[0].set_title('image') ax[0].set_axis_off() ax[1].imshow(camera > optimal_camera_threshold, cmap='gray') ax[1].set_title('thresholded') ax[1].set_axis_off() ax[2].plot(thresholds, entropies) ax[2].set_xlabel('thresholds') ax[2].set_ylabel('cross-entropy') ax[2].vlines(optimal_camera_threshold, ymin=np.min(entropies) - 0.05 * np.ptp(entropies), ymax=np.max(entropies) - 0.05 * np.ptp(entropies)) ax[2].set_title('optimal threshold') fig.tight_layout() print('The brute force optimal threshold is:', optimal_camera_threshold) print('The computed optimal threshold is:', filters.threshold_li(camera)) plt.show() .. image-sg:: /auto_examples/developers/images/sphx_glr_plot_threshold_li_001.png :alt: image, thresholded, optimal threshold :srcset: /auto_examples/developers/images/sphx_glr_plot_threshold_li_001.png :class: sphx-glr-single-img .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-script-out .. code-block:: none The brute force optimal threshold is: 78.5 The computed optimal threshold is: 78.91288426606151 .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 74-76 Next, let's use the ``iter_callback`` feature of ``threshold_li`` to examine the optimization process as it happens. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 76-94 .. code-block:: default iter_thresholds = [] optimal_threshold = filters.threshold_li(camera, iter_callback=iter_thresholds.append) iter_entropies = [_cross_entropy(camera, t) for t in iter_thresholds] print('Only', len(iter_thresholds), 'thresholds examined.') fig, ax = plt.subplots() ax.plot(thresholds, entropies, label='all threshold entropies') ax.plot(iter_thresholds, iter_entropies, label='optimization path') ax.scatter(iter_thresholds, iter_entropies, c='C1') ax.legend(loc='upper right') plt.show() .. image-sg:: /auto_examples/developers/images/sphx_glr_plot_threshold_li_002.png :alt: plot threshold li :srcset: /auto_examples/developers/images/sphx_glr_plot_threshold_li_002.png :class: sphx-glr-single-img .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-script-out .. code-block:: none Only 5 thresholds examined. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 95-100 This is clearly much more efficient than the brute force approach. However, in some images, the cross-entropy is not *convex*, meaning having a single optimum. In this case, gradient descent could yield a threshold that is not optimal. In this example, we see how a bad initial guess for the optimization results in a poor threshold selection. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 100-127 .. code-block:: default iter_thresholds2 = [] opt_threshold2 = filters.threshold_li(cell, initial_guess=64, iter_callback=iter_thresholds2.append) thresholds2 = np.arange(np.min(cell) + 1.5, np.max(cell) - 1.5) entropies2 = [_cross_entropy(cell, t) for t in thresholds] iter_entropies2 = [_cross_entropy(cell, t) for t in iter_thresholds2] fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 3, figsize=(8, 3)) ax[0].imshow(cell, cmap='magma') ax[0].set_title('image') ax[0].set_axis_off() ax[1].imshow(cell > opt_threshold2, cmap='gray') ax[1].set_title('thresholded') ax[1].set_axis_off() ax[2].plot(thresholds2, entropies2, label='all threshold entropies') ax[2].plot(iter_thresholds2, iter_entropies2, label='optimization path') ax[2].scatter(iter_thresholds2, iter_entropies2, c='C1') ax[2].legend(loc='upper right') plt.show() .. image-sg:: /auto_examples/developers/images/sphx_glr_plot_threshold_li_003.png :alt: image, thresholded :srcset: /auto_examples/developers/images/sphx_glr_plot_threshold_li_003.png :class: sphx-glr-single-img .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 128-132 In this image, amazingly, the *default* initial guess, the mean image value, actually lies *right* on top of the peak between the two "valleys" of the objective function. Without supplying an initial guess, Li's thresholding method does nothing at all! .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 132-157 .. code-block:: default iter_thresholds3 = [] opt_threshold3 = filters.threshold_li(cell, iter_callback=iter_thresholds3.append) iter_entropies3 = [_cross_entropy(cell, t) for t in iter_thresholds3] fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 3, figsize=(8, 3)) ax[0].imshow(cell, cmap='magma') ax[0].set_title('image') ax[0].set_axis_off() ax[1].imshow(cell > opt_threshold3, cmap='gray') ax[1].set_title('thresholded') ax[1].set_axis_off() ax[2].plot(thresholds2, entropies2, label='all threshold entropies') ax[2].plot(iter_thresholds3, iter_entropies3, label='optimization path') ax[2].scatter(iter_thresholds3, iter_entropies3, c='C1') ax[2].legend(loc='upper right') plt.show() .. image-sg:: /auto_examples/developers/images/sphx_glr_plot_threshold_li_004.png :alt: image, thresholded :srcset: /auto_examples/developers/images/sphx_glr_plot_threshold_li_004.png :class: sphx-glr-single-img .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 158-169 To see what is going on, let's define a function, ``li_gradient``, that replicates the inner loop of the Li method and returns the *change* from the current threshold value to the next one. When this gradient is 0, we are at a so-called *stationary point* and Li returns this value. When it is negative, the next threshold guess will be lower, and when it is positive, the next guess will be higher. In the plot below, we show the cross-entropy and the Li update path when the initial guess is on the *right* side of that entropy peak. We overlay the threshold update gradient, marking the 0 gradient line and the default initial guess by ``threshold_li``. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 169-210 .. code-block:: default def li_gradient(image, t): """Find the threshold update at a given threshold.""" foreground = image > t mean_fore = np.mean(image[foreground]) mean_back = np.mean(image[~foreground]) t_next = ((mean_back - mean_fore) / (np.log(mean_back) - np.log(mean_fore))) dt = t_next - t return dt iter_thresholds4 = [] opt_threshold4 = filters.threshold_li(cell, initial_guess=68, iter_callback=iter_thresholds4.append) iter_entropies4 = [_cross_entropy(cell, t) for t in iter_thresholds4] print(len(iter_thresholds4), 'examined, optimum:', opt_threshold4) gradients = [li_gradient(cell, t) for t in thresholds2] fig, ax1 = plt.subplots() ax1.plot(thresholds2, entropies2) ax1.plot(iter_thresholds4, iter_entropies4) ax1.scatter(iter_thresholds4, iter_entropies4, c='C1') ax1.set_xlabel('threshold') ax1.set_ylabel('cross entropy', color='C0') ax1.tick_params(axis='y', labelcolor='C0') ax2 = ax1.twinx() ax2.plot(thresholds2, gradients, c='C3') ax2.hlines([0], xmin=thresholds2[0], xmax=thresholds2[-1], colors='gray', linestyles='dashed') ax2.vlines(np.mean(cell), ymin=np.min(gradients), ymax=np.max(gradients), colors='gray', linestyles='dashed') ax2.set_ylabel(r'$\Delta$(threshold)', color='C3') ax2.tick_params(axis='y', labelcolor='C3') fig.tight_layout() plt.show() .. image-sg:: /auto_examples/developers/images/sphx_glr_plot_threshold_li_005.png :alt: plot threshold li :srcset: /auto_examples/developers/images/sphx_glr_plot_threshold_li_005.png :class: sphx-glr-single-img .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-script-out .. code-block:: none 8 examined, optimum: 111.68876119648344 .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 211-216 In addition to allowing users to provide a number as an initial guess, :func:`skimage.filters.threshold_li` can receive a function that makes a guess from the image intensities, just like :func:`numpy.mean` does by default. This might be a good option when many images with different ranges need to be processed. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 216-236 .. code-block:: default def quantile_95(image): # you can use np.quantile(image, 0.95) if you have NumPy>=1.15 return np.percentile(image, 95) iter_thresholds5 = [] opt_threshold5 = filters.threshold_li(cell, initial_guess=quantile_95, iter_callback=iter_thresholds5.append) iter_entropies5 = [_cross_entropy(cell, t) for t in iter_thresholds5] print(len(iter_thresholds5), 'examined, optimum:', opt_threshold5) fig, ax1 = plt.subplots() ax1.plot(thresholds2, entropies2) ax1.plot(iter_thresholds5, iter_entropies5) ax1.scatter(iter_thresholds5, iter_entropies5, c='C1') ax1.set_xlabel('threshold') ax1.set_ylabel('cross entropy', color='C0') ax1.tick_params(axis='y', labelcolor='C0') plt.show() .. image-sg:: /auto_examples/developers/images/sphx_glr_plot_threshold_li_006.png :alt: plot threshold li :srcset: /auto_examples/developers/images/sphx_glr_plot_threshold_li_006.png :class: sphx-glr-single-img .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-script-out .. code-block:: none 5 examined, optimum: 111.68876119648344 .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-timing **Total running time of the script:** ( 0 minutes 6.838 seconds) .. _sphx_glr_download_auto_examples_developers_plot_threshold_li.py: .. only:: html .. container:: sphx-glr-footer sphx-glr-footer-example .. container:: binder-badge .. image:: images/binder_badge_logo.svg :target: https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/scikit-image/scikit-image/v0.21.x?filepath=notebooks/auto_examples/developers/plot_threshold_li.ipynb :alt: Launch binder :width: 150 px .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-python :download:`Download Python source code: plot_threshold_li.py ` .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-jupyter :download:`Download Jupyter notebook: plot_threshold_li.ipynb ` .. only:: html .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-signature `Gallery generated by Sphinx-Gallery `_